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| c. 1000 |
| | | Leif Ericsson claims to have made landfall at three places in north America, one of which he names Vinland - the land of wine | |
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| c. 1010 |
| | | Thorfinn Karlsefni leads an expedition to north America, traces of which may survive in a longhouse at L'Anse aux Meadows | |
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| 1415 |
| | | A Portuguese prince, Henry the Navigator, becomes fascinated by exploration down the coast of Africa and commissions successive voyages | |
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| c. 1425 |
| | | Zheng He, a Muslim eunuch, makes voyages of trade and exploration with a fleet of Chinese junks | |
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| 1488 |
| | | Bartolomeu Dias, sailing for the king of Portugal, becomes the first European navigator to round the Cape of Good Hope | |
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| 1492 |
| | | Christopher Columbus, together with the brothers Martin and Vicente Pinzón, sails west from Palos in Spain | |
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| 1492 |
| | | After sailing for five weeks from the Canaries, Columbus and the Pinzón brothers step ashore in the Bahamas | |
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| 1492 |
| | | Columbus and his fellow explorers make landfall on the largest of the Caribbean islands, Cuba | |
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| 1493 |
| | | Columbus returns to Spain, landing at Palos with news of his great discoveries | |
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| 1497 |
| | | Henry VII commissions the Italian navigator John Cabot to cross the Atlantic in search of new territories for England | |
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